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Detoxification consists of 2 main stages: phase 1 and phase 2

Alcohol is absorbed from the stomach and intestines, and less than 10% of the absorbed alcohol is excreted through breath, sweat and urine

Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST) enzymes conjugate substrates with glutathione

UGT enzymes are a superfamily of enzymes that metabolize a wide variety of lipophilic molecules such as bilirubin, steroids, toxins, and drugs

NFE2L2/Nrf2 is key to regulating the body's detoxification and antioxidant system

NAT, class of enzymes is responsible for the transfer of an acetyl group to convert aromatic amines or hydrazines into aromatic amides and hydrazides

The NQO1 enzyme is found in humans and is encoded by the NQO1 gene

'Warfarin', a coumarin anticoagulant, is widely used in the prevention and treatment of various thromboembolic diseases

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is linked to obesity, insulin resistance and metabolic syndromes

Molybdenum, an essential trace element for microorganisms, plants and animals, was discovered in 1778

Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is an important water-soluble micronutrient that must be taken by humans to maintain health

Selenium (Se), exists in two forms: "selenomethionine" in plant tissues and "selenocysteine" in animal tissues

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is a water-soluble vitamin and is heat stable

Zinc (Zn), an essential mineral for the organism, it has functions in carbohydrate, protein, lipid, nucleic acid, gene expression

Vitamin D affects calcium and phosphate levels in our body and is responsible for bone health

Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin that is necessary for the function of many proteins involved in blood clotting

DNA methylation constitutes an important component of the epigenetic network

Humans cannot synthesize L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C). As a result, L-ascorbic acid must be obtained from dietary sources

Vitamin A (all-trans-retinol) is essential for mammalian vision, reproduction, immune functions, and cell differentiation

Celiac disease (CD) is a common, inherited, chronic inflammatory condition of the small intestine triggered by gluten proteins found in wheat, barley

Functional foods enriched with plant sterols are mentioned as cholesterol-lowering agents in guidelines for the treatment of dyslipidemia

CBS, vitamin B6-dependent enzyme that converts homocysteine to serine and cystathionine

Vitamin B6 is a coenzyme that plays a critical role in many biochemical and physiological processes in the human body

Vitamin B9 is represented by the folate group, whose structure is derived from folic acid

Histamine is a biogenic amine synthesized by l-histidine decarboxylase (HDC) containing pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin B6) from the amino acid histidine

Choline is an essential nutrient required for the structural integrity of cell membranes and signaling functions, methyl group metabolism

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are fatty acids with multiple desaturations in the aliphatic tail

Food allergy is defined as unexpected effects that occur in the body after oral ingestion of food/food additives,triggered by immunological mechanisms

Lactose intolerance generally occurs due to impaired production of the lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) enzyme in intestinal epithelial cells.

Caffeine, a xanthine alkaloid compound, is widely consumed by humans as it is present in many normal beverages such as tea, coffee, soda drinks

We know that the foods we eat can have either a harmful or beneficial effect on our bodies.